Shandong Huashang Chemical Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development, manufacturing, and sales of fine chemicals. Headquartered in Jinan, Shandong, China, we are committed to delivering high-quality products to our global partners. Currently, over 90% of our products are exported to developed markets, including North America, Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the Middle East.
Product Description
Cyanide (CAS: 57-12-5), also known as Cyanide ion or Cyanide(1-), is an inorganic polyatomic anion with the chemical formula CN?. It is a highly toxic compound that exists in various forms (solid, liquid, or gaseous) when combined with different cations, such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN). Aqueous solutions of cyanide have a faint bitter almond odor, and it is widely used in industrial synthesis, metallurgy, and chemical research, while requiring strict safety control due to its extreme toxicity.
Uses
Industrial Applications: Used in gold and silver metallurgy for ore leaching, as a key reagent in electroplating processes, and in the synthesis of organic chemicals (such as nitriles, dyes, and pharmaceuticals). It is also used in the production of plastics and synthetic fibers, and as a fumigant in pest contro.
Chemical & Laboratory Research: Serves as a reagent in organic synthesis for cyanation reactions, and as an analytical reference standard in environmental and pharmaceutical quality control. It is also used in biochemical research to study enzyme inhibition mechanisms, particularly the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Molecular Formula & Structure
- Molecular Formula: CN?
- Molecular Weight: 26.02 g/mol
- IUPAC Name: Cyanide(1-); Nitrido carbonate(II)
- Synonyms: Cyanide ion; Cyanogen ion;
- EINECS Number: N/A
- InChIKey: XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES Code: [C-]#N
- Chemical Structure: A linear anion composed of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom (C≡N?), with the carbon atom carrying a negative charge. This structure endows it with strong nucleophilicity and high toxicity, as it readily binds to metal ions (especially iron) in biological enzymes.
Physical & Chemical Properties
- Appearance: As a free anion, it does not exist independently; its physical form depends on the cation (e.g., NaCN and KCN are white crystalline solids, aqueous solutions are colorless with a faint bitter almond odor).
- Density: 0.695 g/cm3 (for the anion, predicted); Density of NaCN: 1.596 g/cm3, KCN: 1.52 g/cm3
- Solubility: Highly soluble in water; inorganic cyanide salts react slowly with water to release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas; slightly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in non-polar solvents.
- Boiling Point: 25.7 °C (for HCN, released from cyanide solutions); Melting Point: 148 °C (decomposes).
- Stability: Stable under alkaline conditions (pH > 10); unstable under acidic conditions, readily releasing HCN gas; incompatible with strong oxidants, acids, isocyanates, and peroxides; decomposes upon heating to produce toxic fumes.
- Toxicity: Extremely toxic; LD?? (intraperitoneal, mouse): 3 mg/kg; it inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, disrupting cellular energy metabolism, which can cause rapid death in minutes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption; symptoms of exposure include dizziness, headache, nausea, and cardiac arrest.
- pKa: 9.21 (conjugate acid HCN); LogP: 0.09638; PSA: 23.79 ?2.
Synthesis & Storage
- Synthesis: Industrially produced mainly via the Andrussow process, where methane and ammonia react with oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst to generate HCN, which is then neutralized with alkali to form cyanide salts (e.g., NaCN = HCN + NaOH). Laboratory synthesis involves cyanation reactions of appropriate precursors.
- Storage: Sealed in airtight plastic containers (avoid glass under alkaline conditions); stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated dedicated warehouse, away from acids, oxidants, and food; temperature controlled at 0–10 °C; shelf life is 1 year under proper storage conditions. Strictly prohibit mixing with acids to prevent HCN gas release.
- Safety: Operate in a well-ventilated fume hood; wear full protective gear (nitrile gloves, goggles, lab coat, gas mask); avoid skin contact and inhalation. In case of exposure, use hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) as an antidote. Waste must be treated with strong base (pH > 10) and disposed of as hazardous waste; do not use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for exposed individuals.
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