Shandong Huashang Chemical Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development, manufacturing, and sales of fine chemicals. Headquartered in Jinan, Shandong, China, we are committed to delivering high-quality products to our global partners. Currently, over 90% of our products are exported to developed markets, including North America, Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the Middle East.
Product Description
Doxepin hydrochloride (CAS: 1229-29-4) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) compound, existing as a mixture of isomers. It appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, odorless, and is a clinically important psychotropic drug with a wide range of pharmacological properties. This compound exerts its therapeutic effects by blocking the reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) into presynaptic terminals, and also acts as a potent antagonist of H? histamine receptors. It is widely used in pharmaceutical R&D, clinical medicine, and neuroscience research, and also serves as a research reagent in pharmacology and molecular biology studies. First approved for medical use in the United States in 1969, it remains a commonly prescribed medication for various psychiatric and dermatological conditions.
Uses
Pharmaceutical & Clinical Applications: Primarily used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, difficult-to-treat chronic urticaria, and insomnia (especially for short-term help with maintaining sleep). It is also available as a topical cream for the short-term treatment of itchiness caused by atopic dermatitis or lichen simplex chronicus. As a tricyclic antidepressant, it is also investigated for its potential in managing other psychiatric conditions, though it may be a less preferred alternative for some indications compared to newer agents.
Laboratory & Pharmacological Research: Used as a research reagent in pharmacology, neuroscience, and molecular biology studies. It serves as a reference standard in HPLC-based quality control of pharmaceutical products and is used in in vitro and in vivo experiments to study neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms, histamine receptor antagonism, and the pharmacology of tricyclic antidepressants. It is strictly for research use in laboratory settings when not used clinically.
Molecular Formula & Structure
- Molecular Formula: C??H??ClNO (or C??H??NO·HCl, representing the hydrochloride salt)
- Molecular Weight: 315.84 g/mol
- IUPAC Name: 11-(3-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine hydrochloride (mixture of isomers)
- Synonyms: Doxepin HCl; 3-(Dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine hydrochloride;
- EINECS Number: 214-966-8
- MDL Number: MFCD00079135
- SMILES Code: C1(=C/C=CCN(C)C)\C2C=CC=CC=2OCC2C=CC=CC\1=2.Cl
- Chemical Structure: A tricyclic structure consisting of a dibenzo[b,e]oxepine core linked to a 3-dimethylaminopropylidene side chain, with a hydrochloride salt group. It exists as a mixture of isomers, and its tricyclic framework is characteristic of tricyclic antidepressants, enabling its interaction with neurotransmitter transporters and histamine receptors.
Physical & Chemical Properties
- Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder, odorless, with no visible impurities; may appear as crystals or powder.
- Density: Not available; Melting Point: 187–189 °C (or 186.0–190.0 °C for pure grade).
- Solubility: Soluble in water (100 mM at 25 °C), chloroform (1:2), alcohol (1:1), methanol, and DMSO; also soluble in 1 M HCl at 50 mg/mL.
- Boiling Point: Not available; Flash Point: 9 °C.
- Stability: Stable when stored under proper conditions; recommended storage at 2–8 °C or below, and can be stored in a freezer at -20 °C for long-term stability; avoid high temperature, moisture, and direct sunlight.
- Toxicity: Toxic if swallowed (GHS Hazard Statement H301); common side effects in clinical use include sleepiness, dry mouth, constipation, nausea, and blurry vision; serious side effects may include increased suicide risk in those under 25, mania, and urinary retention. Proper protective measures are required during handling.
- pKa: Not available; LogP: Not available; Maximum absorption wavelength (λmax): 298 nm (lit.).
Synthesis & Storage
- Synthesis: Prepared via multi-step organic synthesis, involving the formation of the dibenzo[b,e]oxepine tricyclic core, followed by coupling with the dimethylaminopropylidene side chain, and final salification with hydrochloric acid to obtain the hydrochloride salt. The product is purified via recrystallization or column chromatography to achieve high purity (≥98.0%).
- Storage: Sealed in airtight, light-proof containers; stored at 2–8 °C for short-term storage or -20 °C for long-term storage; recommended to store in a cool, dark place below 15 °C; keep locked up (per GHS precautionary statements); shelf life is 2 years under proper storage conditions.
- Safety: Operate in a well-ventilated fume hood; wear professional protective gear (nitrile gloves, goggles, lab coat); do not eat, drink, or smoke during handling; wash skin thoroughly after contact; if swallowed, immediately call a poison center or doctor and rinse mouth; dispose of contents and containers in an approved waste disposal plant.
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