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D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate
1. Basic Information
Name: D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate
Alias: α,α-Trehalose dihydrate, α-D-Glucopyranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside dihydrate
CAS No.: 6138-23-4
Molecular Formula: C12H22O11·2H2O
Molecular Weight: 378.33
Category: Non-reducing disaccharide, protein lyoprotectant, food stabilizer, pharmaceutical excipient, cell culture carbon source, cosmetic moisturizer
2. Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
- Appearance: White crystalline powder or colorless prismatic crystal
- Odor: Odorless, mild faint sweet taste (sweetness ~45% of sucrose)
- Solubility: Freely soluble in hot water, soluble in cold water; slightly soluble in methanol; insoluble in ethanol, acetone, ether, aliphatic solvents
- Melting Point: 96–99 ℃ (loses two crystal water; anhydrous trehalose melts at ~203 ℃)
- Specific Rotation [α]???: +178° ~ +182° (c=10, water)
- Density (predicted): 1.56 g/cm3
- Hygroscopy: Low hygroscopicity; crystal form stable under normal humidity, hard to absorb moisture and agglomerate
- Aqueous property: Neutral aqueous solution, pH 6.0–7.5; non-reducing sugar, no Maillard browning reaction with amino substances under mild heating
Chemical Properties
- Molecular structure: Two α-D-glucose linked by α,α-1,1 glycosidic bond, no free aldehyde group; contains two molecules of bound crystal water
- Non-reducing characteristic: No reducing activity, will not react with Fehling’s reagent or amino compounds at conventional processing temperature
- Acid hydrolysis: Under strong acid heating, fully hydrolyzed into two molecules of D-glucose; stable under neutral and weak acid/weak alkali conditions
- Biomacromolecule protection: Forms hydrogen bond with protein, polypeptide, cell membrane, stabilizes spatial structure, prevents denaturation during freeze-drying, dehydration, high temperature
- Thermal stability: Heat-resistant, stable at 120 ℃ long-term baking; above 150 ℃ dehydration and caramelization gradually occur
- Photostability: Excellent light stability, no discoloration under long-term UV irradiation
- Compatibility: Compatible with most food raw materials, biological culture media, pharmaceutical excipients, cosmetic raw materials; incompatible with concentrated strong acid, strong oxidants
3. Main Application Fields
1. Biopharmaceutical Lyoprotectant (Core Application)
Protective agent for protein drugs, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, enzyme preparations; reduces protein denaturation during freeze-drying, transportation and storage
2. Food & Beverage Additive
Stabilizer and moisture retention agent for baked food, dairy, frozen food, candy; inhibits starch retrogradation, extends shelf life, improves taste
3. Cosmetic Active Raw Material
Low irritation moisturizer, repairs skin barrier, reduces skin dehydration and dry lines; added to facial cream, mask, shampoo
4. Microbiological & Cell Culture Medium
Slow-release carbon source for strains, yeast, mammalian cell culture; maintains cell activity during cryopreservation
4. Quality Specification Table
| Test Item | Standard Specification |
| CAS Number | 6138-23-4 |
| Molecular Formula | C12H22O11·2H2O |
| Appearance | Uniform white crystal powder without yellow agglomeration |
| HPLC Purity | Pharma/Food Grade ≥99.0% |
| Specific Optical Rotation | +178° ~ +182° (10% aqueous solution) |
| Crystal Water Content | 9.0% ~ 10.5% |
| Loss on Drying (excluding crystal water) | ≤0.30% |
| Residue on Ignition | ≤0.05% |
| Reducing Sugar | ≤0.10% |
| Heavy Metals (Pb) | ≤10 ppm |
| Microbiological Index | Total bacteria ≤500 CFU/g, no pathogenic bacteria |
| Packaging | 1kg/5kg food-grade vacuum aluminum foil bag, 25kg PE lined woven bag / fiber drum |
| Storage Condition | Hermetically sealed cool dry warehouse below 25 ℃, light shielding, isolate high-humidity environment |
| Transportation Requirement | Low hygroscopic disaccharide, conventional moisture-proof packaging |
| Shelf Life | 36 months under sealed dry storage |
Safety Warning
Non-toxic edible carbohydrate raw material. Dust slightly irritates eyes and nasal cavity; no acute toxicity, safe for oral and external use within specified dosage. Conventional ventilation operation with simple dust mask and nitrile gloves. Avoid long-term contact with strong oxidants to prevent caramelization discoloration. Waste liquid fully biodegradable after dilution; solid waste belongs to general food/biochemical waste.
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